Fan Wang

Aquatic Biology Research Center, Cuixi Academy of Biotechnology, Zhuji, 311800, Zhejiang, China
Author    Correspondence author
International Journal of Marine Science, 2026, Vol. 16, No. 2   
Received: 08 Feb., 2026    Accepted: 14 Mar., 2026    Published: 27 Mar., 2026

This is an open access article published under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Stocking density is one of the most critical management factors influencing the productivity, profitability, and sustainability of Manila clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) aquaculture. Appropriate stocking densities can enhance resource utilization efficiency and maximize yield, whereas excessively high or low densities may adversely affect growth performance, survival, product quality, and environmental conditions. This review summarizes the current understanding of the effects of stocking density on Manila clam culture, with particular emphasis on growth characteristics, biomass production, quality attributes, and environmental impacts. The underlying mechanisms through which density influences food availability, competition, physiological performance, and carrying capacity are discussed. Furthermore, the interactions between stocking density and environmental factors, including water quality, sediment conditions, and disease occurrence, are examined. Recent advances in density optimization strategies, such as stage-specific stocking management, graded culture practices, and precision aquaculture technologies, are also reviewed. Representative case studies from different aquaculture systems are presented to highlight practical approaches for balancing production efficiency and product quality. Finally, future research directions are proposed, focusing on multi-factor interactions, intelligent farming systems, and sustainable aquaculture development. This review provides a comprehensive reference for optimizing stocking density and promoting the sustainable growth of the Manila clam industry.

Manila clam; Stocking density; Growth performance; Yield; Product quality